Papilloma belongs to the group of viral diseases and manifests itself with the formation of growths on the skin and mucous membranes.Some types of neoplasms pose a serious danger to humans.
Therefore, to avoid infection, you need to know how papilloma is transmitted and follow simple prevention rules.
The human papillomavirus is part of a group of viruses belonging to the papillomavirus family.This group includes 5 genera, about 43 species, more than 170 types.
Human papillomavirus is one of the most common groups.About 60% of the world's population carries it.
The danger lies not only in the question “is the virus contagious”, but also in the fact that the infected person may not feel any symptoms and not even suspect that the virus has entered his body.
Papillomaviruses live and actively reproduce in the basal layer of the skin.At the same time, they are able to spread from one organism to another.
It has been shown that the virus can develop for a short time in the external environment, but its entire life cycle usually takes place inside the cell.
Most types of viruses are not dangerous to human health, but there are types with oncogenic properties that can cause the appearance of malignant or benign tumors.
They can be classified as follows:
Safe(if we consider the probability of developing cancer).
They occur without pronounced symptoms and are not dangerous for the human body;
Low risk- when they enter the body, genital warts occur in 90% of cases.In isolated cases, a cellular mutation can be observed;high risk.
In the presence of certain factors, they can cause the development of cervical cancer and cause the cells to degenerate into atypical cells.
There are viruses that are transmitted from person to person, but there are also types that exist in the bodies of birds and animals, but do not pose a danger to humans.
Given the prevalence of the virus, it is necessary to know how papilloma is transmitted.HPV can be transmitted by contact or by a vertical method (from mother to fetus during pregnancy).
Contactincludes familial and sexual avenues of contact.Can you catch a virus through kissing?This is possible even if the infected person has warts caused by HPV in the oral cavity.
The fetus can be infected through a damaged placenta.Laboratory studies have revealed the probability of infection due to toxicosis.
The papilloma virus can be transmitted both sexually and through household contact.In the latter case, normal communication with a human carrier does not always lead to infection.
One of the conditions in which the probability of infection significantly increases is a violation of the barrier function of the mucosa and skin.
The risk of infection is high when there are scratches, cuts, wounds and abrasions on the skin.Due to the decrease in general and local immunity, the body's defense reactions worsen.
With insufficient production of class A antibodies, the normal functioning of the immune system is disrupted and the body's susceptibility to viruses and infections increases.
Various sexually transmitted infectious diseases can act as a provoking factor contributing to papillomavirus infection: chlamydia, mycoplasmosis, gonorrhea, etc.
The standard manifestation of papillomavirus in such a situation is the appearance of warts on the genitals.The deterioration of immunity indicators is observed against the background of disorders in the microflora of the vagina and intestines.The immune systems of people with HIV are severely compromised.
The papillomavirus is activated under the following conditions:
- the presence of dysbacteriosis and intestinal diseases of an infectious nature;
- Acute stage of any chronic disease;
- Bad working conditions;
- Hypothermia;
- Congenital immunodeficiency condition;
- Acute stages of infectious and non-infectious diseases;
- Stressful conditions;
- Bad nutrition.
The course of HPV is characterized by a long incubation period.After infection, several years may pass before symptoms appear, which become more pronounced during a period of weakened immune system.
Routes of transmission of papillomas
The papilloma virus is transmitted through domestic contact:
- Through handshakes;
- Through personal hygiene products (soap, towels, etc.);
- When trying on someone else's clothes (you should never wear someone else's underwear);
- When visiting public baths, saunas.
The sexual route of infection is especially dangerous, since the risk of infection with the oncogenic subtype of the virus is high.People who have a large number of sexual partners are at greater risk.
This also applies to men inclined to homosexual intercourse, since during such sexual intercourse there is a high probability of injury to the skin and mucous membranes.
Furthermore, the probability of transmitting the virus to each other during sexual intercourse increases if the partner has genital warts: they are easy to injure and are very contagious.
Human papillomavirus in women expecting a baby can be transmitted to the fetus.During pregnancy this occurs in rare cases;usually the baby becomes infected while passing through the birth canal.
It should be noted that the virus is inherited from mother to child only if there are external manifestations of the disease on the genitals.
Infection of children at birth is accompanied by laryngeal papillomatosis, characterized by severe impairment of respiratory function.
There is also the possibility of infection during breastfeeding.
Papillomavirus causes changes in cells, as a result of which they divide, leading to the appearance of tumors (warts).At a young age, warts most often appear on the fingers, elbows and knees.
These are non-cancerous formations, dense to the touch, the color of which can vary from light to black.Their size is approximately 1 cm in diameter.
In advanced age, HPV manifests itself with the formation of papillomas.They are soft and attached to the skin with a stalk.As a rule, their color corresponds to the color of the skin, but sometimes they can be dark brown.
Most often, papillomas are found on the following areas of the body: face, neck, armpits, genitals.In men, tumors can occur in any part of the penis.
Sometimes the presence of a virus can affect the condition of the urethra, causing difficulty urinating and pain.
When the virus enters the female body, neoplasms appear on the mucous membranes of the external genitalia.They can sometimes be found on the mucous membranes of the mouth and throat.
Human papillomavirus can affect the cervix, urethra, vagina and anus.
Looking at photos of people affected by HPV, you can see how much neoplasms can spoil their appearance, although the main danger lies in their possible degeneration into malignant tumors.
Doctors advise that when papillomas are detected, conduct studies to determine their oncogenicity and remove them.Photo: growths on the mucosa of the tongue
Which types of HPV are the most dangerous?
Even those who know how the human papillomavirus is transmitted cannot always avoid infection.However, you should not panic if you are diagnosed with this condition.
First you need to find out the genotype of the virus: some of them are safe for humans.90% of infected people were diagnosed with HPV-6 and HPV-11, which are characterized by low carcinogenic risks.
The most dangerous strains are: HPV-16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59.
Treatment of papillomavirus in women
90% of women who die from cervical cancer are diagnosed with HPV.The virus often develops against the background of inflammation affecting the genitals.
These can be: vulvovaginitis, endocervicitis, pseudo-erosions of the cervix.It is often combined with diseases such as chlamydia, trichomoniasis, syphilis, herpes.The main symptoms of papillomavirus in women include:
- itching and burning in the genitals;
- specific secretions;
- difficulty urinating;
- unpleasant sensation during sexual intercourse;
- proliferation and fusion of warts on the genitals.
Genital warts can occur on the vulva, urethra, vagina, cervix, anus, rectum, and perineum.
These manifestations of HPV not only look unattractive, but also cause discomfort: pain, itching, and may bleed.
Detection of cervical intraepithelial dysplasia with HPV indicates the development of a cancerous process.
Diagnostics
Diagnosis is made by carrying out tests and conducting laboratory tests.
The following methods can be used: PCR;colposcopy;biopsy.An effective diagnostic method is the PCR method.
It allows you to obtain an analysis for each type of virus, as well as determine the number of DNA copies in the research material.
Thanks to the accuracy of this method, specialists can identify the severity of the disease and make a prognosis.You have to prepare for the tests.
The patient should not have sexual activity, drink alcohol, or take antiviral drugs for several days.
Colposcopy is an examination of the cervix using a special microscope.The cervix is lubricated with a solution of acetic acid, which reveals papillomas and they become clearly visible.
During a biopsy, an area of affected tissue is taken for examination.This material is subsequently colored and examined.Biopsy is a highly accurate research method that can be used in combination with histology and cytology.
Treatment
Unfortunately, it is not known how HPV can be treated with medications.Therefore, the only therapeutic option today is the removal of papillomas.
The drugs are prescribed only as maintenance therapy.
Direct removal can be done using several methods:
- electrocoagulation;
- laser;
- radio waves.
The electrocoagulation method involves the use of high-frequency current.After treating the papilloma, a scab forms which comes off on its own after a few days.
The method is used to remove tumors located on the face and neck.
Laser removal is also common, but has a number of disadvantages.
First, a removed papilloma cannot be examined.Secondly, scarring may form at the removal site.
The most modern is the radio wave method.
This is a safe and painless method, after which no marks remain on the body.
The cryodestruction method of removing papillomas is based on the use of liquid nitrogen.Areas of tissue that need to be removed are instantly frozen.
In this case, minor inconveniences may occur.The entire dead skin area is removed 2-6 weeks after treatment.
Prevention
Realizing the prevalence of the virus, I want to find out not only whether papillomas are contagious, but also what can be done to avoid infection.
As a preventive method, you can use a special vaccine that reduces the risk of infection with common, highly oncogenic types of HPV.
It is mainly used for prevention in women.As a rule, it is recommended to do this between the ages of 9 and 25.
It is believed that even if the virus has already entered the body, the vaccine can inactivate it and increase immunity.
Non-specific prevention methods include basic rules of personal hygiene and correct lifestyle:
- if the integrity of the skin is damaged, they must be treated;
- You cannot use other people's personal hygiene products;
- in public saunas the use of rubber slippers is recommended;
- no disease should be allowed to progress to the chronic stage;
- relationship with a regular sexual partner;use a condom;
- hardening and moderate physical activity;
- correct and regular nutrition.
Following these simple rules will help significantly reduce the risk of papillomavirus infection and protect your body from its penetration.